2023年自考考试即将到来，以下为自考英语二的各章节重点知识整理，比较适合考生在考前进行突击复习，答出一份比较，满意理想的答卷。
重点单词扩充讲解：
1. organizational: a 组织上的
由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization:n 组织； organizer: n 组织者
请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：
1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.
2). The task calls for the highest _________ skill.
3).Chinahas joined World Trade __________.
4). He is the __________ of the speech contest.
Answers: organized, organizational,Organization,organizer
2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的
3. predict: v 预言、预示；
由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable:a 可预测的； predictor: n 预言家
4. simplify: v 简化
由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply:ad 简单地，仅仅地； simplification: n 简化； simplified: a 被简化的。
Exercises for the above words:
1). The machine is _____ in operation but complexinstructure.
2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the originalisbeyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.
3). There is no point in arguing about it, becauseitis _______ a question of procedure.
4). The ______ of working process freed theworkersfro heavy labor.
Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification
5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v倾向于…，
tend todo sth
e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.
Or old people tend to get fatter.
6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；
由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营； management:n;manager: n 经营者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。
7.argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：arguwith sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论； argue sb into doingsth说服某人做某事； argue sb outof doing sth说服某人不要做某事。
e.g.1>. The young couple always argue with each other over theirchild’s
education.
2>. I argued him out of going on such adangerousjourney.
8. define: v 给…下定义； definition: n 定义
9. profitability: n 赚钱， 获利
由此我们可以联想到：profit: n 利润；profitable:a 有利可图的, 有好处的；
profitless: a 没有利润的。
1). He has made a _____ from running asmallrestaurant.
2). The deal was ______ to all of us.
3). They valued _______ differently, which ledtodisagreement as to the correctness of decision.
Answer: profit, profitable; profitability.
10. correctness: n 正确性； 字根：correct:a正确的； v 纠正， correction: n 纠正； incorrect: a 不正确的。
11. unintended: a 非计划中的，
由此我们可以联想到：intend: v 打算，计划；intention:n； intended: a 计划中的
课文难句讲解、分析
1. A decision is a choice made from amongalternativecourses of action that are available.(p1)
译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择。
分析：该句是主系表结构。made from among alternative coursesofaction that are available是过去分词短语做定语修饰a choice; 其中that are available是定语从句修饰courses of action.
像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析。这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！
2. The reason for making a decision is that aproblemexists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in theway ofaccomplishing them. (p1)
译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现。
分析：该句又是主系表结构。That引导三个并列的表语从句，①aproblemexists，②goals or objectives are wrong；③something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。 短语：make a decision:做出决策；stand in the way: 阻挡、防碍
3.Often managers must make a best guess at what thefuture will be and try toleave as little as possible to chance, but sinceuncertainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions. (p2)
译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。
分析：前半句是主谓宾结构。what the future will be是at的宾语；as little as possible做leave的宾语；since引导原因状语从句，相当于because.
4.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. (p3)
译：如果没有选择，就不会有决策。
分析：这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点：to be made。这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision，有将来意味。比如：The last question tobediscussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves.
5. For managers, every decision has constraintsbasedon policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. (p3)
译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约。
分析：这句话的考点是based on policies, procedures,laws,precedents, and the like。同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints。其中词组：base…on以…为基础。 如：Thefilmis based on s short story by Jack London.
6.But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.(p4)
译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。
分析：该句主语the tendency to simplify，谓语blinds; them是宾语。to simplify是定语，修饰the tendency；to other alternatives是宾补。其中短语：blind sb to sth:使…看不见…；
we shouldn’t let our prejudices blind us to thefacts.
7. Because individuals (and organizations)frequentlyhave different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choicemay dependon who makes the decision. (p6 line 4--6)
译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。
分析：这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句。其中howtoattain the goals做介词about的宾语，whomakesthe decision做介词on的宾语。
8. Some of these objectives are more importantthanothers, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person topersonand from department to department. (p7 line 2--4)
译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异。
分析：请注意比较级more important than，词组：vary from person to person译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异vary from season to season….
9.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to seesales problems,production managers see production problems, and so on. (p7line 5--7)
译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。
分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是when + 过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中词组：
be presented with = be faced with当面对…
When faced with difficulties, we should be brave..
10. People often assume that a decision is anisolatedphenomenon. (p9)
译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。
分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中assume: = imagine; isolated: adj 孤立的。
phenomenon: n 现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena
重点单词、词组详讲
1.interview: n/v 采访、面试；interviewer: n 采访者； interviewee: n 被采访者
e.g. 1>. Who's the most famous person you'veeverinterviewed on TV?
2>. In a TV interview last night, she deniedshehad any intention of resigning.
2. criticism: n 批评，评论；criticize:v 批评； critical: a 批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic:n 评论家, 请填填看。
1> He is a literary ______.
2> We are at a _______time in our history.
3> He can't take ________.
4> The boy was ______ by his father for beinglatefor school.
Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized
3. indifference: n 冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent:a冷漠的，反义词：enthusiastic: 热情的
cf: different: a 不同的，名词：difference;反义词：same.
4. inefficiency: n 无效，由此联想得到：
efficient: a 高效率的；efficiency:n inefficient: a 低效率的
5. conservative: a 保守的、保存的；conserve:v 保存； conservation: n
6. apply to sb for sth: 向某人申请某物
e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa.
7. take the trouble to do sth: 不辞劳苦、费力地做某事
e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what Iwassaying, you'd know what I was talking about.
8. put oneself in somebody's place: 设身处地…
If you put yourself in your mother's place, youwillunderstand why she is so worried about you.
9. in hand: 手头上有，进行中
I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car.
10. turn down: 调小，降低，拒绝
Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping.
He turned down the job because the pay isn'tgoodenough.
课文难句分析
1. The key words here are preparation and confidence,which willcarry you far. （p2）
译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。
分析：which will carry you far非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence。另外请注意：key关键的；preparation是prepare的名词；confidence: n 信心。Confident: a 有信心的；self-confidence: 自信心。
2. Find out all you can about the job you areapplyingfor and the origination you hope to work for. (p4)
译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织。
分析：you are applying for定语，修饰thejob;you hope to work for定语修饰the origination。词组：apply to sb for sth向某人申请什么。
3. It shows an unattractive indifference toyouremployer and to your job. (p6)
译：它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。
分析：it主语；shows谓语；an unattractive indifference宾语；toyouremployer and to your job间接宾语。Show sth to sb=showsbsth.另外，请注意：indifference: 冷漠，漠视。
4. He wants somebody who is hard-working withapleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7)
分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personalityanda real interest in the job全部都是定语，修饰somebody。注意介词with表示带有。。； have interest in sth对…有兴趣。
5.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can beused to youradvantage during the interview to show that you have bothered tomaster somefacts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8)
译：你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实。
分析：从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句。主体结构为：anything can be usedtoyour advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer是定语从句；during the interview状语；to show that youhavebothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for是目的状语；who you hope to work for是另外一个定语从句修饰thepeople.词组：to your advantage: 对你有利；workfor sb为某人工作。
6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarificationofsomething that has been said during the interview if you want to be surewhatwas implied, but do be polite. (p10)
译：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌。
分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth; 不要害怕去做某事；ask for clarification要求澄清；that has beensaidduring the interview定语，修饰something; what wasimplied宾语；do be polite: 其中do为了强调，如：do be careful! I do love you! He does lie to us!
7. Have the letter inviting you for an interviewreadyto show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16)
译： 拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。
分析：这是一个祈使句。Have动词，拿着；theletter宾语；inviting you for an interview现在分词做定语；readyto show状语；in case there is anydifficulty incommunication条件状语从句；词组：there is somedifficulty insth/doing sth在…方面有困难。如：We havesome difficulty speaking English fluently.
8. There is little likelihood that a panel offivewants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.(p20)
译：由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手。
分析：这句话的重点在于that a panel of five ants to go throughtheprocess of all shaking hands with you in turn是一个同位语从句，是对little likelihood的解释。其中：likelihood: n 可能性，相当于possibility; go through经历； in turn:轮流。
9. Would you mind rephrasing the question,please?(p23)
译：您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？
分析：考点mind doing sth. 如：Wouldyou mind turning down the TV?
语法：介绍as的相关用法
as是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词。从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句。此外as还出现在很多固定搭配中，如： as if, as though, aslongas, as to, as for, so as to, etc.
1. astronomer: n 天文学家；astronomy: n 天文学
2.explode: v 爆炸,由此联想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 炸药；explosion: n 爆炸
1). When the bomb______, many people wereseriouslywounded.
2). The unexpected ________ frightened thelittlegirl.
3). It might be possible to convert _____ energyintoheat.
Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive
3.density: n 密度；联想产生：dense: a 密度大的，反义词：sparse;
densely: ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的
1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from findingthecorrect direction.
2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.
3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.
Answers: dense, densely, density
4. shrink: v 收缩、退缩、缩水
1). As a result of careless washing, the jackethasshrunk to a child's size.
2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.
5. measurement: n 衡量、测量；
由此联想：measure: n措施/v 衡量、测量；measurable: a 可衡量的，可测量的
1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.
2). We have come within ______ distance of success.
3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.
4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches butinfeet.
Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured
6.implication: n 含义、暗示；imply:v暗示
7. basis: n 基础、根据，
由此可以联想得到：base: n 底部；v 以…为底，为根据；basic: a 基础的，根本的；
basically: ad 根本上来说,
1). If you want to improve your English, you musthavea solid ______.
2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____:twobeds, two chairs and tables.
3). The charges are false for they are not ______onproven facts.
4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we havetoadopt the ____ workable one.
Answers: basis, basic, based, basically
8. observatory: n 天文台；由此可以联想得到：
observe: v 观察；observation: n 观察；observer: n 观察家
9. convincing: a 有说服力的，使人信服的；convince:v使人信服；convinced: a 感到有说服力的，常见搭配：convincesb of sth; convince sb that
1). He gave us a convincing speech.
2). He convinced me f his sincerity.
10. operate: v 运转、操作、动手术；operation:n 手术，操作；operator: 操作者
11. research into对…进行研究
She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.
12. swallow up: 吞没、耗尽
Many small businesses have been swallowed up bylargecompanies.
13. apply to sb/sth：适用于某人/某事，请对比：
apply to sb for sth向某人申请某事；applyAto B将A 应用于B
1). You should apply what you have learned toyourwork.
2). I applied to him for a new job.
3). The study method doesn't apply to everyone
Analyzethe important sentences among the text
1. Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the termswewould normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequatehere.(p1)
译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。
句子分析：it是形式主语，to answerthisquestion是句子主语；since引导原因状语从句，wewould normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms; inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。
2. Astronomers and scientists think that a blackholeis a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and fromwhichnothing can escape---not even light. (p1)
译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。
句子分析：into which和from which引导两个定语从句，介词：into和fall搭配；from 和escape搭配。这种介词+which的定语从句的形式请多注意。
3. The theory is that some stars explode whentheirdensity increases to a particular point. (p2)
译：（关于黑洞形成的）理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸。
句子分析：这是一个主系表结构句。that用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。to a particular point是达到某一个特定的点的含义。
4.But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) thisprocess ofshrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)
译：但如果星球很大（比我们的太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞。
句子分析：这是一个if引导的条件状语从句，so…that表示如此…以致，是结果状语从句。
如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.
5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of amarble,but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, andyou havesome idea of the force of a black hole. (p2)
译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念。
句子分析：该句的主要结构为imagine….and you ……事实上相当于if you imagine…, you will have some idea….. 这种句子结构在历年的考试中曾出现过。请记住：祈使句+ and + 陈述句= if引导的条件状语从句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!
另外，该句还有两个定语成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用来修饰the earth.前者为过去分词，而后者为现在分词。词组：
have some idea of sth对…有所了解
6.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific researchinto blackholes. (p3line13--14)
译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。
句子分析：本句的核心结构为it is…that的强调句型，强调时间状语only recently。词组：research into sth对…进行研究。
7. The most convincing evidence of black holescomesfrom research into binary star systems. (p4)
译：有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究。
句子分析：该句主语evidence，谓语comesfrom；宾语research into binary star systems。
The most convincing是定语，修饰evidence.其中请注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以-ing结尾；而修饰人的多以-ed结尾。如：
I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.
8. Matter from the one which we can see isbeingpulled towards the companion star. (p4)
译：我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去。
句子分析：主语matter; 谓语isbeingpulled，这是一个进行被动语态；towards the companion star介词宾语；from the one which we can see定语。
9. On the other hand, scientists have suggestedthatvery advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of blackholesfor mankind. (p5line4--6)
译：另一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务。
句子分析：请注意在本句中suggest不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高级的、先进的；make use of sth利用…，该词组可以拓展成：make good use of 好好加以利用；make full use of充分加以利用。
10. They show us a world which operates in atotallydifferent way from our own and they question our most basic experienceof apaceand time.(p5)
译：他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑。
句子分析：这个句子复杂在于：从which引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意;operate：v 操作；inaway以某种方式；be different from同…不同；question: v 质疑，询问。
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